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4 Minutes Read

Insights from a Climbing Arborist: Managing Tree Pests Effectively

By Frank Burke
Climbing Arborist
Titan Tree Service

Did you know that tree pests can turn a healthy forest into a desolate wasteland in just a few seasons? Effective pest management is crucial for maintaining the beauty and health of our urban and natural landscapes. In this article, we’ll explore arborist insights from Frank Burke, a climbing arborist at Titan Tree Service, that will help you understand tree pests and the best strategies to manage them.

Understanding Tree Pests and Their Impact on Tree Health

Tree pests can vary significantly in their impact on tree health, and understanding them is essential for effective management. Often lurking in the most unsuspecting places, these pests can cause significant damage by feeding on leaves, stems, and even roots. When infested, trees can exhibit signs such as wilting, discoloration, and stunted growth, which can lead to long-term health risks.

For arborists, recognizing the lifecycle and behavior of these pests is paramount. Some pests, such as the infamous woolly adelgid, reproduce asexually and are infamous for their rapid population growth. Understanding how these pests live and thrive allows arborists to implement targeted strategies aimed at minimizing their impact on tree health.

Managing Tree Pests

The Woolly Adelgid: A Threat to Hemlocks

One of the most notorious pests affecting Eastern Hemlocks is the woolly adelgid, an aphid-like insect that poses a grave risk to these majestic trees. The woolly adelgid can decimate entire populations of hemlocks, leading to shifts in forest ecosystems. Understanding its lifecycle and implementing effective pest management strategies is crucial for the conservation of these trees.

Lifecycle and Behavior of the Woolly Adelgid

The woolly adelgid has a complex lifecycle, reproducing twice a year. This asexual reproduction means that a small infestation can rapidly spiral out of control. Frank emphasizes the importance of timing when dealing with these pests. "You have to spray them when they're in the egg stage, or else horticultural oil won't do anything to a one that's already hatched," he notes.

Signs of Infestation and Damage

Recognizing the signs of a woolly adelgid infestation is crucial for early intervention. Look for white, cottony masses on the undersides of branches and at the base of needles. In addition, trees suffering from such infestations often exhibit dieback and needle loss, which can severely affect their health. Early detection is key to managing these pests effectively.

Effective Treatment Strategies for Tree Pests

Addressing tree pests involves a multifaceted approach, combining preventative measures with targeted treatments. Effective strategies can not only help trees recover but also prevent pests from returning. This process begins with understanding the timeline of infestations and how to deal with them.

Preventative Measures for Tree Health

Maintaining the overall health of trees is the first line of defense against pest infestations. This includes regular assessments, proper pruning, and providing trees with adequate nutrients and care. Arborists should also monitor environmental conditions that may favor pest outbreaks.

Timing and Techniques for Spraying

Timing is critical when it comes to spraying treatments. Treatments are most effective when applied during specific times in the pest's lifecycle. Frank Burke recommends coordinating treatment efforts with the seasons for the best outcome. "It’s about waiting for the right moment, typically before warmer months when pests become most active," he advises.

Managing Tree Pests

Expert Insights from Frank, Climbing Arborist at Titan Tree

Expert insights from arborist Frank Burke provide valuable guidance in managing pest threats. His wealth of experience helps tree care professionals and homeowners alike navigate the often complex world of tree pest management. Frank's practical advice is particularly helpful in dealing with challenging infestations.

Best Practices for Tree Care and Maintenance

Best practices for maintaining tree health include regular inspections and treatments tailored to specific pest challenges. Frank suggests, "Always plan treatments around the lifecycle phases of the pest. Consistency in care can lead to beautiful, healthy trees that are better equipped to fend off pests."

Common Mistakes in Pest Management

Even seasoned professionals can fall prey to common mistakes in pest management. Misunderstanding pest life cycles and neglecting seasonal changes can lead to ineffective treatments and further infestations.

Misunderstanding Pest Life Cycles

One of the most significant errors is failing to recognize the appropriate times for intervention based on pest life cycles. Being misinformed about when pests reproduce can lead to inadequate management strategies and damage to trees.

Neglecting Seasonal Changes

Changing seasons can greatly affect pest behaviors and treatments. Arborists and homeowners alike must adapt their strategies based on seasonal weather patterns and how they influence pest activities.

Managing Tree Pests

Conclusion: The Importance of Professional Arborist Insights

Professional arborist insights are invaluable for anyone managing trees, whether in a residential or commercial setting. By understanding tree pests and applying effective management strategies, we can protect the health of our trees and the ecosystems they support.

Managing Tree Pests

Call to Action: Connect with a Certified Arborist Today!

Don't wait until it's too late to care for your trees! Connect with a certified arborist today to ensure your trees remain healthy and vibrant. Proper management can mean the difference between thriving trees and potential loss.

Call Titan Tree Service -- 947 Underwood Rd, Olyphant, PA 18447 -- at (570) 383-9900 and ask for Frank!

www.titantreeserviceinc.com

Tree Guardian News Blog

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Robert Davidson

05.06.2025

Great article! Great article!

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05.15.2025

The Dangers of Improper Tree Pruning

Contributed by: Nicky Senofonte Chief Operating Officer Titan Tree Service, Inc.Did you know that improper tree pruning can lead to severe consequences, including tree decline and even death? This article delves into the dangers associated with improper tree pruning, discussing common mistakes, expert insights, and the significance of hiring a professional arborist to maintain your trees’ health.Overview of Improper Tree Pruning Improper tree pruning involves cutting away branches incorrectly, which can have serious long-term effects on tree health. It is an essential task that requires knowledge of tree biology and growth patterns. The goal of pruning is not only to maintain the aesthetic but also to ensure the overall well-being of the tree. However, a lack of understanding often leads to poor decisions that can cause irreversible harm.Common examples of improper tree pruning include topping trees, which involves cutting the tops of trees to reduce height. While this may seem like a quick solution, it can stress the tree significantly. Additionally, pruning during the wrong seasons can also weaken the tree and promote diseases. Understanding the basics of pruning techniques is vital for every tree owner.Common Pruning Mistakes and Their ConsequencesUnderstanding the Importance of Proper Pruning TechniquesWith the right pruning techniques applied at the appropriate time, trees can thrive and remain healthy. However, many individuals, either as homeowners or unqualified workers, neglect this knowledge, resulting in catastrophic outcomes. For instance, failure to prune correctly can lead to issues such as poor structure, disease susceptibility, and sunscald. Knowledge of the appropriate methods can mitigate such problems.Examples of Improper Pruning Improperly pruned trees may exhibit signs of stress and decay over time. For example, flush cutting, where a branch is cut too close to the trunk, can remove the branch collar and hinder the tree’s natural healing process. It leaves a large wound, making the tree vulnerable to pests and diseases. Additionally, leaving stubs after cutting can also lead to rot.Expert Insights on Pruning TechniquesNicholas Senofonte, of Titan Tree Service, Inc., emphasizes, "Improper pruning can lead to long-term damage to trees, often resulting in their decline."Experts like Nicholas stress the importance of using appropriate tools and techniques during pruning. Understanding tree species and their specific needs is critical. For instance, oak trees require special care as they do not respond well to being topped. Detailed knowledge aids in executing precise cuts to enhance the tree’s health as opposed to jeopardizing it.Signs Your Tree Needs PruningWhen to Prune Your TreesThe best time for pruning depends on the tree species and the climate in which you live. Generally, late winter or early spring is ideal for most trees as they enter their dormant period. This timing minimizes stress and promotes healthier growth in the coming seasons.Identifying Trees in Need of CareHomeowners should be vigilant about the signs that indicate a tree may need pruning. For example, if branches are crossing or rubbing against each other, it risks bark damage. Additionally, if a tree has dead or diseased limbs, these should be removed promptly to prevent disease spread. Often, trees also exhibit stunted growth, another indicator they might require pruning.The Role of Arborists in Tree CareWhy Hire a Professional Arborist?The expertise of a certified arborist is invaluable for tree health. Professional arborists possess training and experience, allowing them to evaluate tree conditions accurately and provide tailored care. Hiring an arborist reduces the risks associated with improper pruning and can save time and money in the long run.Cost vs. Value of Professional Tree ServicesWhile hiring a professional may seem more costly upfront, it is often a smarter financial decision. The long-term benefits include healthier trees and, ultimately, cost savings from potential future tree removals or treatments for diseases that arise from improper care. Investing in professional tree services ensures your trees stay healthy and safe.FAQs About Improper Tree PruningWhat is an example of bad pruning?Bad pruning examples include topping trees, flush cutting, and leaving stubs. These methods can endanger the tree's health and stability.What happens if you trim a tree wrong?Trimming a tree incorrectly can lead to permanent damage, increased vulnerability to pests and diseases, and even tree death.How do you fix a badly pruned tree?Fixing a badly pruned tree often requires careful monitoring and, if necessary, corrective pruning methods performed by a qualified arborist.What are the 5 rules of pruning trees?The five essential pruning rules include understanding tree biology, using proper tools, timing your cuts appropriately, making clean cuts, and avoiding excessive pruning.Key Takeaways on Proper PruningThe dangers of improper tree pruning can lead to tree decline and increased risks of pests.Common mistakes include improper timing and technique, often exacerbated by unqualified workers.Expert insights highlight the need for proper methods specific to tree species.Signs that indicate a tree needs pruning are crucial for maintaining tree health.Hiring a professional arborist presents value through expertise and long-term tree care. Conclusion: The Importance of Proper Tree PruningProper tree pruning is vital for maintaining healthy growth and prolonging tree life. Understanding the risks associated with improper techniques and enlisting professional help can protect your investments in landscaping. By prioritizing the health of your trees, you ensure that they continue to thrive for generations.What You'll LearnThe dangers of improper tree pruning.Common mistakes made during tree pruning.Expert insights on effective pruning techniques.Signs that indicate a tree needs pruning.The value of hiring a professional arborist.If you're concerned about the health of your trees, or if you suspect they may have been improperly pruned, it’s time to seek professional advice. Don’t wait for the problems to worsen; call Nicky at Titan Tree Service, Inc. today - (570) 840-4085 -for an inspection and tailored care plan!

05.12.2025

Mysteries of our native Sycamore Resilience

This mature sycamore has not fully leafed out as of May 27, 2020. Photo credit: Julianne Schieffer  Mysteries of our native Sycamore Resilience Authored by:   Julianne Schieffer The Pennsylvania State UniversityAgricultural Sciences  You may have wondered if we would ever see the full-bodied greenery of our beloved sycamore. Let’s look closely at the characteristics of this adaptable tree to decipher its success at withstanding cold temperatures and attack by a fungus.Remember the hard freezes of this past winter? Since late frosts tend to kill sycamore buds, the damaged trees characteristically have long dead twigs with bushy masses of leaves around their bases by midsummer. Frosts and low temperatures in the North, and drier conditions further west, probably limit the sycamore’s natural Eastern North American range. Many of our sycamore trees exhibited this damage in the past and have since re-foliated. Although low winter temperatures may also injure the cork cambium of the bark, the tree's overall health remains unaffected. Signs of early anthracnose fungal infection include the dead areas of one leaf and the fruiting bodies already on the dead twig. Photo credit: Julianne SchiefferHowever, sycamores still face damage from the naturally occurring fungus Apiognomonia, which causes sycamore anthracnose. Anthracnose refers to dead areas on leaves, twigs, or fruit. This fungus attacks as young leaves unfurl, forming large, irregularly shaped dead areas along the leaf margins and between the veins. The ends of twigs may be killed back 8 to 10 inches. Cankers or dead areas may develop on the tree trunk and main branches. Affected leaves fall early, only to be replaced by new leaves mid-season. Killing buds, young shoots, and leaves stimulates new bud formation and more bud death, and twigs result in a “witches' broom” proliferation of branch ends and an overall contorted branching pattern across the tree canopy.Weather like frequent rains and cool temperatures promotes the disease. Little or no anthracnose will occur if average temperatures during bud break are above 60 degrees. Each branch node has a stipule (three total) encircling a bud on this twig. Photo credit: Julianne SchiefferFew trees die from this yearly attack. Anthracnose may weaken a tree, making it susceptible to attack by other diseases. Frost damage can both mimic and complicate anthracnose symptoms.How does the sycamore tolerate these stresses that thwart healthy growth? One way is the presence of many dormant buds beneath the bark. As a bud or twig dies back, other buds become released from their dormancy to take over, thereby creating that witches’ broom or heavily twiggy appearance. This becomes a common identification feature for the species. Or, in the case of heavy flooding along a waterway, scouring vegetation from the banks and leaves off trees, a sycamore can rely on its ability to re-foliate along its entire living surface to continue to survive. Microscopic view of hair on sycamore leaf. Photo credit: Jim ConradAnother unique feature is how the base of a leaf stem encircles next year’s bud until the leaf drops, thereby protecting it from infection and bad weather until fall. The tiny buds then grow in spring as another interesting protective leaf feature takes over.After bud break, you may have also noticed that a sycamore twig develops peculiar little modified leaves called stipules encircling its buds or at twig junctions. These stipules protect the newly forming buds from damage. Another tree with ancient lineage, the tulip poplar, employs the same tactic but loses its stipules after the leaf unfolds. Imagine the stipule as a little umbrella shielding water or wind, containing the fungal spores of the fungal invader from the bud.However, the hairs at the leaf's margins, seen from their side, reveal that they're more "plumose," or "feather-like".Such hairs protect the developing leaf's delicate tissue from water evaporation, intense sunlight, temperature extremes, and physical damage.Surely an insect would think twice about chewing into that hair or finding a good foothold. But how about a fungal spore gaining access to the actual leaf surface? This hair remains on the sycamore when it is most susceptible to the anthracnose fungus.CitationsHartman, J. 2001. Sycamore and planetree diseases. Pages 355-359, in: Jones, R.K. and Benson D.M. eds. Diseases of Woody Ornamental and Trees in Nurseries. APS Press, St. Paul, MN.Silvics of North America. Volume 2. Hardwoods. USDA Forest Service Handbook 654.https://www.backyardnature.net/n/w/sycamore.htm

05.01.2025

Avoiding Overcrowding: Best Practices for Planting Trees and Shrubs

Best Practices for Planting Trees and ShrubsDid you know that improperly placed trees can not only hinder your landscape’s aesthetic appeal but also pose a long-term threat to the health of your plants? In this article, we will explore overcrowding in landscaping, its implications, and essential strategies to create a thriving outdoor space. Join us as we dive into expert insights and actionable tips to ensure your landscape flourishes for years to come.Understanding Overcrowding in LandscapingWhat is Overcrowding in Landscaping?Overcrowding in landscaping occurs when plants, particularly trees and shrubs, are planted too closely together, limiting their ability to grow properly. This mistake stems from a focus on immediate visual appeal rather than planning for the future. When trees and shrubs compete for resources such as sunlight, water, and nutrients, it can lead to issues such as stunted growth and increased susceptibility to disease.Typically, overcrowding happens when homeowners want to fill their space quickly without considering the mature size of the plants. For example, a homeowner might plant several young trees in close proximity, thinking they'll look attractive together. However, as these trees grow, they may overshadow one another, leading to unhealthy plants that struggle to survive.Why Overcrowding is a Common Landscaping MistakeOne of the most pressing reasons overcrowding occurs is that many property owners prioritize aesthetics over practical considerations. People often choose tree species based on their current appearance—how lush they look at planting time—without factoring in their long-term growth potential. For instance, an evergreen that can reach up to 80 feet tall will look majestic in its early years but can spell disaster when placed too closely to a structure.Furthermore, a lack of knowledge about spacing requirements and mature tree sizes can lead to overcrowding, making it important for homeowners to educate themselves or consult professionals before making landscaping decisions.The Importance of Strategic Tree PlacementFactors to Consider for Tree PlacementStrategic tree placement is essential for fostering a healthy and visually appealing landscape. When planning your tree placement, consider the following factors:Mature height of the tree: Always research how tall the tree will eventually grow. This prevents issues with branches interfering with roofs or power lines.Root spread: Trees have expansive root systems that need adequate space to grow without damaging other plants or infrastructure.Proximity to structures: Ensure enough distance from buildings to allow for natural growth patterns.Sunlight and soil conditions: Different tree species thrive in specific conditions—some need full sunlight, while others prefer shaded areas.Future maintenance requirements: Understand the scalability of maintenance tasks as trees grow and become more established. Consequences of Overcrowding Trees and ShrubsImpact on Tree Health and GrowthThe consequences of overcrowding are profound, with the health and growth of trees being negatively impacted in several ways. Limited air circulation and intense competition for nutrients can lead to weakened root systems, stunted growth, and increased vulnerability to diseases. Trees may also exhibit signs of stress, such as yellowing leaves or premature leaf drop, which often signals that they are struggling to thrive in overcrowded conditions.Furthermore, overcrowding can lead to complex issues like poor structure and form. Trees that are forced to grow close to one another will often lean towards sources of light, leading to uneven canopies and increased pruning needs in the future.Effects on Aesthetics and Property ValueOvercrowding does not only affect the plants themselves but also has repercussions for the overall beauty and value of your property. A landscape filled with overgrown bushes and excessively crowded trees filters light and detracts from curb appeal. This reduced aesthetic can negatively affect property values, making it less desirable not only for potential buyers but also for your day-to-day experience at home.In contrast, a well-planned landscape where each plant has adequate space tends to be more inviting, enhancing the overall atmosphere and making it a more enjoyable space to spend time.Best Practices to Prevent OvercrowdingChoosing the Right Species and SpacingTo prevent overcrowding, homeowners should start with making informed decisions about tree species. Researching mature sizes and tree needs is essential before planting anything. Be sure to follow recommended spacing guidelines based on the species' ultimate height and width. This planning ensures that each tree has ample room to flourish without competing with neighbors.When selecting species, consider incorporating native trees that are more suited to your local climate and conditions. They generally require less maintenance and perform better in their natural habitats.Creating a Long-Term Landscape PlanCreating a long-term landscape plan is crucial to avoiding overcrowding. Consider developing a 25-year plan that outlines your vision for the landscape, taking into account future growth and maintenance. This plan should account for seasonal changes, potential pests, and any local challenges, such as pests or disease outbreaks that could impact your trees. Expert Insights on Tree CareProfessional Recommendations for HomeownersExperts like Colton T. Ansbro, a certified arborist, emphasize the value of conducting proper research before planting. For instance, “Homeowners often overlook the importance of understanding a tree's growth habits and requirements. Choosing the right tree species and planning for their future growth can make a significant difference,” explains Colton T. Ansbro, TCIA Certified Tree Safety Professional.Quotes from Tree Care ProfessionalsFurthermore, certified tree care professionals recommend seeking the assistance of local arborists, especially when faced with decisions about species selection and landscape design. They also stress the importance of regular assessments and maintenance to prevent overcrowding in the long term. Common Mistakes to Avoid in LandscapingOvercrowding vs. UnderplantingWhile overcrowding is a significant issue, underplanting can also hinder the growth and aesthetic value of a landscape. Striking a balance between filling spaces with sufficient greenery and avoiding overcrowded conditions is vital for a successful landscape design.Ignoring Mature Size of TreesIgnoring the mature size of trees is one of the most common mistakes in landscaping. Understanding how large a tree will grow is crucial for ensuring it won't become a problem in the future, such as interfering with power lines or buildings.Practical Tips for Homeowners and Business OwnersRegular Maintenance and AssessmentsTo maintain a healthy landscape, regularly assess the growth and health of your plants. Look for signs of overcrowding or unhealthy growth and consult with professionals as needed.Consulting with Certified ArboristsWorking with certified arborists not only provides expertise in tree care but also ensures that you are equipped with the knowledge needed to prevent overcrowding in your landscape.People Also AskWhat happens if you overcrowd plants?Overcrowding plants can lead to stunted growth, increased risk of disease, and poor air circulation among plants.How much is too much for landscaping?Too much landscaping can occur when plants are densely packed together, leading to competition for resources.What is the rule of 3 in gardening?The rule of three suggests planting three of the same species together for visual impact, while ensuring that each has sufficient space to grow.Can a garden be too crowded?Absolutely! So always plan for future growth. Conclusion: The Legacy of Thoughtful LandscapingIn conclusion, landscaping is a long-term investment, and overcrowding in landscaping can drastically affect the beauty and health of your outdoor space. By planning effectively and considering the future growth of your trees and shrubs, you can create a landscape that not only looks good today but thrives for years to come.

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{"company":"RP Design Web Services","address":"P.O. 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1189","city":"Cheshire","state":"CT","zip":"06410","email":"robert@rpdesign.com","tos":"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","privacy":"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